At the pyramidal decussation, a large proportion of the CST fibres cross over to the contralateral part of the spinal cord. The axons of layer V corticospinal neurons descend via the internal capsule towards the pyramid in the rostral medulla. Layer V of the motor cortex contains pyramidal neurons, which are the main motor neurons of the CST. The rodent motor cortex is relatively large and covers a big area of the frontal cortex. The descending CST originates in the motor cortex. Manipulation of the CST of rats and mice is widely used to examine the neuron-intrinsic mechanisms that underlie the failure of axon regeneration. The axon regeneration capacity of corticospinal neurons can be enhanced by delivering regeneration-associated genes using gene therapy (reviewed in ). Repair of the CST is limited because this motor pathway has a low intrinsic neuronal capacity for axon regeneration. The corticospinal tract (CST) is an important descending motor pathway controlling the movement of the limbs and trunk. The optimized transduction of the corticospinal tract will be beneficial for spinal cord injury research. This promoter comparison study contributes to improve transgene delivery into the brain and spinal cord. The mPGK promoter did drive expression in cortical neurons and oligodendrocytes, while transduction with AAV harbouring the hSYN promoter resulted in neuron-specific expression, including perineuronal net expressing interneurons and layer V corticospinal neurons. The mPGK and hSYN promoters directed the strongest transgene expression. The AAV1 vectors harbouring the hCMV and sCAG promoters resulted in transgene expression in neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Transgene expression levels and the cellular transduction profile were examined after 6 weeks. Reporter constructs with each of these promoters were packaged in AAV1, and were injected in the sensorimotor cortex of rats and mice in order to transduce the corticospinal tract. In this paper, we report a side-by-side comparison between four commonly used promoters: the short CMV early enhancer/chicken β actin (sCAG), human cytomegalovirus (hCMV), mouse phosphoglycerate kinase (mPGK) and human synapsin (hSYN) promoter. A previous comparative study has demonstrated that AAV1 displays efficient transduction of layer V corticospinal neurons, but the optimal promoter for transgene expression in corticospinal neurons has not been determined yet. The promoter and viral vector serotype are two key factors that determine the expression dynamics of the transgene. Because the value of a Double can lose precision when arithmetic operations are performed on it, a comparison between two Vector structures that are logically equal might fail.Adeno-associated viral vectors are widely used as vehicles for gene transfer to the nervous system. In this example it is False.ĭim areEqual As Boolean = (vector1 = vector2)Ī vector's X and Y properties are described using Double values.
' If the two vectors are equal, areEqual is True,
Private Function overloadedEqualityOperatorExample() As Boolean If the two vectors are equal, areEqual is True, private Boolean overloadedEqualityOperatorExample()
#Vector 3.5 for mac how to#
The following example shows how to use this operator (=) to check whether two Vector structures are equal. True if the X and Y components of vector1 and vector2 are equal otherwise, false.
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